Small Parts Ultrasonography

A blended teaching and learning approach is followed and consist of:

• Formal lectures of 4 Hours per week, for 2 weeks which forms the core component of the teaching and learning strategy.
• During lectures discussions are held, group work are encouraged, comprehensive relevant cases are given
• Electronic presentations of Power point slides are used extensively as a teaching tool.
• Electronic communication takes place and the lecturer is also available for individual consultation

Topics to be covered

Lecture 1: Physics

• Sonographic instrumentation and operational concerns.
• The output display standard and ultrasound bio effects.
• Normal Anatomy as Depicted With linear Sonography.

Lectures 2 and 3: Breast

• Introduction to breast ultrasound.
• Breast ultrasound Equipment Requirement.
• Breast ultrasound Technique.
• Breast anatomy :the bases for understanding sonography.
• Targeted indication :palpable abnormality.
• Targeted indication: Mammographic Abnormality.
• Non targeted indications: breast Secretions , nipple discharge and intraductal papillary lesions of the breast, implants.
• Sonographic examination and evaluation of breast cyst.
• Breast disorders during complex cystic phase.
• Ultrasound of solid breast nodules distinguished benign from malignant.
• Benign solid nodules Specific pathological diagnosis.
• Malignant solid breast nodules.
• Premalignant and locally aggressive lesions.
• Evaluation of the male breast.
• Ultrasound guided needle procedures in the breast.
• Evaluation of lymph nodes in breast cancer patient.
• Doppler evaluation of the breast.
• False negative and false positive breast sonographic examinations.
• Review of Breast imaging.

Lectures 4 and 5: Scrotum

• Anatomy of Scrotum, Spermatic Cords, Vascular Supply.
• Imaging Technique & Sonographic Appearances.
• Scrotal masses:
  • Malignant tumors: (Germ cells tumors, cell tumors, stromal tumors, primary tumors, Testicle metastes, lymphomas, Leukemia, and Myeloma.
  • Benign intratesticular lesions: (cyst, cystic dysplasia, Epidermoid cyst Abcess, infarction, sarcoidosis, scrotal calcifications, intratesticular pathologic lesion (hydrocele, hematocele, pyocele,  varicocele, scrotal hernia, tumors, Epididimal lesions (sperm granuloma, fibrous pseudo tumors , cystic lesions ,chronic epididimisitis . Acute scrotal pain (torsion, epididimitis and epididymoorchitis.) trauma, cryptorchidism).
• Presentation of Cases (Hydroceles, Spermatoceles and Epididymal Cysts, Hematoceles and Pyoceles, Cysts, Sperm Granulomas, Postvasectomy Changes in the Epididymis, Varicoceles ,Cryptorchidism, Seminoma, Scortal Hernias, Teratoma, Tumors, Embryonal Cell Carcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Metastases to the Testis, Torsion, Infection, The Acute Scrotum, Tumors, Inflammation or Infection, Torsion, Tubular Ectasia of the Rete Testis.

Lecture 6: Neonatal Brain

• The anatomy.
• Imaging technique.
• Brain sonography (normal and abnormal).

Lecture 7: Eye and Orbits

• Anatomy and Examination technique for the eye (positioning of the patient, B-scan examination techniques, anterior segment evaluation, evaluation of the lens, evaluation of the pupils.)
• Vitreoretinal diseases (vitreous body, retina, retinal pigment, epithelium, macula, choroid, ciliary body, sclera.
• Intraocular tumor (detection of the lesion, ocular melanoma, tumor of the uvea, retina, other lesions simulating melanoma, anterior segment tumors, retinoblastoma.
• Inflammatory diseases of the eye (endophthalmitis, non infectious uveitis and virtutis, sclerotic, inflammatory conditions of the choroid)
• Glaucoma(optic disc, congenital glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma.
• Three dimension ultrasound of the eye(instrumentation, intraocular tumor vitreoretinal diseases, advantages and the limitations of ophthalmic 3d ultrasound).
• Axial eye length measurements (A scan biometry)
• Examination techniques for the orbit (positioning the patient, B scan techniques, basic examination for lesion detection).
• Orbital tumors (pseudo tumors, lymphoma, primary orbital tumors, lachrymal system disorders, cystic lesions).
• Vascular lesions (neoplasm, vascular malformation).
• Color Doppler imaging of the eye and orbit.
• Extra ocular muscle evaluation.
• Optic nerve evaluation.
• Orbital trauma and per orbital diseases
• Review of Orbits and optic Nerve Imaging.

Lectures 8 and 9: Thyroid

Introduction

• Anatomy and Sonographic Anatomy of the Neck.
• Anterior Neck Muscles and Major Neck Vessels.
• Techniques and Superficial Scanning.
• Doppler and Vascular Pathology.
• The Thyroid Gland& Parathyroid Gland.
• Autoimmunity and Inborn Errors of Metabolism.

Thyroid Techniques

• Thyroid Palpation and Sonography (conventional and advance).

Thyroid Pathology

• Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
• Subacute Thyroiditis.
• Goiters.
• Nodules.
• Adenomas.
• Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism.
• Thyroglossal Cyst.

Parathyroid Technique

• Para Thyroid Palpation and Sonography (conventional and advance).

Parathyroid Pathology

• Hyperparathyroidism.
• Carcinoma.
• Adenomas and Hyerplasia.

Lecture 10: Discussion and Cases

References:  

• Textbook of diagnostic Ultrasonography, 5th ed. Volume 1, Author: Sandra L. Hagen Answert, Editor, Jeanne Wike, Publication : 2001 by Mosby, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri.
• Diagnostic ultrasound, third edition, volume 3, author: Carol M Stephen R, ,Elsevier Mosby2003
• Breast ultrasound, third edition, volume 5,Auther A. Thomas ,Steve H. Parker 2001
• Ultrasound of the eye and orbits, Sandra Frazier, second edition Mosby.2003